CHAPTER 13
Copyright and Fair Use

The Educator's Guide to Copyright and Fair Use

When it comes to copyright law and the application of fair use exceptions, ignorance is definitely not bliss! Learn how to educate yourselves and your students and avoid making a costly mistake!

You really did plan to find time over the summer to familiarize yourself with the latest information on copyright law. You absolutely intended to look up the fair use guidelines for using technology resources. You truly meant to create a classroom copyright policy, locate agencies that grant permissions to use copyrighted materials, write a template for a permission request form, and locate sites to teach students about the value of original work and the societal benefits of obeying copyright laws. You just had a few other things to do.

So now you have a student who wants to include audio of a Beatles song in a multimedia presentation about the 1960s, another who wants to include the poem "Casey at the Bat" in a report on the World Series, and a third who wants to post photographs of Biden and Obama to the class Web site.

What's an educator to do? Read Education World's five-part series on copyright, fair use, and new technologies, that's what! We did the work so you wouldn't have to!

Chapter 12
Knowledge Management
 adidas management knowledge

1. What is knowledge managementNot a solution.
Complements other organizational initiatives like TQM and Business Process Re-engineering by making use of the know-how and expertise available to the company.
Two-fold process:
Management of knowledge assets.
Management of processes for creating, organizing, transferring, sharing, and using knowledge throughout the organization.
Development of processes to link knowledge requirements to business strategies.
To plan for, generate, represent and provide access to individual and organizational knowledge.
In more common language, knowledge management is:
Managing what is known
How well it is known
Who knows it
How it is applied
How it can be leveraged and used
3. Explicit knowledgeRecorded, consisting of written text, reports, documents, databases, and websites.
Codified and can be classified through a database, website listing or other means of access.
Rule-based or object-based.
Using symbols, explicit knowledge can be easily communicated between groups or individuals.
2. Tacit knowledgeResides in individual’s memories.
Built from personal experience and know-how from experience.
Also values, ideas, bias, preconceptions, assumptions, believes, habits, etc.
Expressed through action-based skills.
If captured, the knowledge is no longer tacit.
4. Cultural knowledgeAwareness of the organizational culture that exists within a company.
Shared assumptions about business practices, goals, capabilities, competitors, customers, etc.
"An organization's cultural knowledge consists of the beliefs it holds to be true based on experience, observation, and reflection about itself and its environment." (Choo, 2002)
5. Nonaka and Takeuchi’s Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge CreationTacit-to-tacit (socialization) where individuals directly share and test knowledge.
Examples: discussions over coffee or lunch, or those discussions at the water cooler, job shadowing, project management orientation, etc.
Tacit-to-explicit (externalization) the transfer of knowledge into a tangible form through documentation or discussion.
Examples: idea generation, concept design, new product development, writing a report, etc.
Explicit-to-tacit (internalization) where individuals internalize knowledge from documents, discussion or learning into their own body of knowledge.
Examples: studying a sales report, the employee manual, technical paper, etc.
Explicit-to-explicit (combination) combining different forms of explicit knowledge such as documents or databases.
Examples: preparation of documents, methodologies, tools, and templates, etc. from other reports.

Chapter 11
Information systems

Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved.

Examples of information systems in organization

Computer Science

Researching Next Generation Software Concepts

We drive long term differentiation for Samsung platforms such as phones, TVs, set top boxes, etc. by combining the best of computer science with Consumer Electronics (CE). Our objective is to research and develop next generation software concepts to make the Samsung platform the CE platform of choice. Our research involves building prototypes to validate our idea. Our motto is 'Innovate by Doing'. Our current research areas include System Research, Advanced Browser Technology and Intelligent Storage Architecture.

System Research

We perform fundamental research in language, compiler and operating system technologies for future business platforms. Current work includes the development of parallel languages for multicore and manycore embedded systems, as well as parallel run-times/operating systems that provide significant improvements in performance and scalability over existing monolithic solutions. New directions include the use of microkernel-based operating systems to build scalable and transparent distributed processing, as well as intelligent run-time systems that provide architecture-aware and context-aware 

performance optimization.

Advanced Browser Technology

HTML5 and other new additions to web technology make web programming an attractive alternative to native programming for devices such as smartphones, tablets and DTVs. Our mission is to enhance the web platform on Samsung devices by extending core web technologies from multiple perspectives, including performance, security and user interface / user experience. Our current work covers a variety of topics such as hardware acceleration to boost application performance, new security models for web applications and new JavaScript APIs and frameworks.

Intelligent Storage Architecture

Data-intensive applications have been posing increasing challenges to storage systems over the past decade. An inflection point has now been reached, requiring new storage architectures for these applications. Our mission is to conduct research to identify technologies and architecture for future zetta-scale storage systems and to build prototype systems for data-intensive applications. Our current work includes developing models for advanced storage, networking and system software technologies. We develop an architectural simulator for scalable distributed storage systems and validate the simulation results on a real test bed.

Chapter 10

Pros and Cons of Information Techology

Some advantages of Information Technology
http://www.smallbusinessbible.org/advan_disadvan_informationtechnology.html

 

Globalization - IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other.

Communication - With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing.

Cost effectiveness - Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions.

Bridging the cultural gap - Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.

More time - IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle.

Creation of new jobs - Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT.

Some disadvantage of Information Technology

Dominant culture - While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else.

Unemployment - While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed.

Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.

Lack of job security - Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.

Chapter 9

Characteristic of good websites

What makes a website successful? Keep the following points in mind when creating your website to get the most out of it:

• Content

Keyword-filled content is also crucial for getting high search engine rankings. Most internet users trust search engines to help them find what they are looking for. Taking the time to create high quality content can have huge payoffs through increased search engine rankings.

• Simple and Attractive Design

The design of a good website should be simple, yet professional. The design should not take away or distract from the content. Websites with excessive use of Flash and moving images can be very distracting. Use design to help you get your message to visitors, not to distract them from the message. Colors should not be hard on the eyes, and text should be easy to read.

• Easy Navigation

Navigation and links provide opportunities to incorporate design elements in to the website; however, navigation schemes should not be so elaborate that the user has trouble knowing where to click to move to another page. The average visitor’s attention span is a matter of seconds, and if it is hard to find what he or she is looking for, you will loose that visitor very quickly. Links to your most important pages should be easily found on every page. A good rule of thumb is that every page should be accessible in two clicks from your home page (this may not be possible with larger sites).

• Unique

The most successful websites will stand out from the crowd. There are a number of was that you can make your website stand out: better design, high quality articles, a blog, a newsletter, some type of resource or tool. Find something that would be appealing to your target market.

• Fresh

Having a website that changes or is updated frequently will encourage repeat visitors. Repeat visitors will be more loyal and more likely to buy. There are a few different options for keeping your site fresh:

1- Update the site and add content occasionally – This will require you to either pay a designer or do the work yourself.

2 – Use a blog – With a blog you can add content to your website from any computer with an internet connection. All you’ll have to do is login and type. No special software or skills are required.

3 – RSS feeds – With RSS feeds you can add news headlines, weather, stock tickers, etc. to your website. Additionally, you can add content from most blogs to your site with RSS. The benefit of RSS feeds is that once in place they will automatically update.

• Optimized

A successful website will be search engine-friendly. Optimization includes things like using page titles and meta tags for all of your pages. Using headers and alt tags for images can also help optimization and accessibility. Even a website that is strong in other areas but weak in optimization may be hard for users to find.

Example of good website

http://bigthink.com/

The thinking at Big Think is big indeed. This blog and video site covers, well, the world: arts, business, science, history and much more. Resident big thinkers such as futurist Ray Kurzweil and distinguished guests tackle the topics seriously, and counterintuitive notions and outright heresy are welcome. (One post speculated that there's a 20% chance that we're all part of an elaborate computer simulation from the future.) It's a great place to go to challenge your preconceived notions and recharge your mental batteries.

http://www.airbnb.com/

Three-year-old Airbnb is a sort of eBay for places to stay: a marketplace for spare bedrooms and unused vacation homes in 190 countries that matches travelers with hosts and handles the financial transaction in return for a 3% cut. It's gained a reputation as a more economical, personal alternative to chain hotels, and has inspired countless glowing testimonials. But in July, the site had a p.r. crisis when a host blogged about a nightmarish experience with a destructive, pilfering guest. After a somewhat shaky response, Airbnb responded by instituting a $50,000 insurance plan — and all evidence still suggests that deals gone bad are one in a million.

Example of Bias information

This list includes many examples of Bias in Wikipedia, related to homosexuality;

1. Wikipedia Homosexual agenda by its editors is clearly visible.

2. The Wikipedia entry for homosexuality is adorned with a rainbow graphic but fails to mention the following: the many diseases associated with homosexuality, the high promiscuity rates of the male homosexual community, the higher incidences of domestic violence among homosexual couples compared to heterosexual couples, the prevalence of murder in the homosexual community, and the substantially higher mental illness and drug usage rates of the homosexuality community. In addition, the Wikipedia article on homosexuality fails to mention that the American Psychiatric Association issued a fact sheet in May of 2000 stating that "..there are no replicated scientific studies supporting a specific biological etiology for homosexuality."

3. Wikipedia editors regularly and fiercely alter the use of the terms "he" or "she" in articles regarding cross-dressing/transsexual figures. Men attempting to pass as females are near-universally referred to as "she" while women attempting to pass as men are referred to as "he", despite this usage absolutely incorrect in both scientific and legal senses

Chapter 8

How do search engines work?

Internet search engines are web search engines that search and retrieve information on the web. Most of them use crawler indexer architecture. They depend on their crawler modules. Crawlers also referred to as spiders are small programs that browse the web.

Crawlers are given an initial set of URLs whose pages they retrieve. They extract the URLs that appear on the crawled pages and give this information to the crawler control module. The crawler module decides which pages to visit next and gives their URLs back to the crawlers.

The topics covered by different search engines vary according to the algorithms they use. Some search engines are programmed to search sites on a particular topic while the crawlers in others may be visiting as many sites as possible.

The crawl control module may use the link graph of a previous crawl or may use usage patterns to help in its crawling strategy.

The indexer module extracts the words form each page it visits and records its URLs. It results into a large lookup table that gives a list of URLs pointing to pages where each word occurs. The table lists those pages, which were covered in the crawling process.

A collection analysis module is another important part of the search engine architecture. It creates a utility index. A utility index may provide access to pages of a given length or pages containing a certain number of pictures on them.

During the process of crawling and indexing, a search engine stores the pages it retrieves. They are temporarily stored in a page repository. Search engines maintain a cache of pages they visit so that retrieval of already visited pages expedites.

The query module of a search engine receives search requests form users in the form of keywords. The ranking module sorts the results.

The crawler indexer architecture has many variants. It is modified in the distributed architecture of a search engine. These search engine architectures consist of gatherers and brokers. Gatherers collect indexing information from web servers while the brokers give the indexing mechanism and the query interface. Brokers update indices on the basis of information received from gatherers and other brokers. They can filter information. Many search engines of today use this type of architecture. 

Example of 5 engines  on the Internet

 

http://ask.com/

http://www.google.co.th/

http://www.aol.com/

http://www.bing.com/

http://www.yahoo.com/

Chapter 7

Ideas to help and support the flooding crisis in Thailand

- Every community affected is already in desperate need of water, rice, basic supplies, even clothes.

- After flooding crisis. Project concept and idea to help flood victim after flood. looking for ideas to help flooding crisis flood victim to earn income after flood.
eg. Otop clothes bag, handmade books or calendar, key ring.

Chapter 6

Example of a Report and Citation

Report



Citation

Chapter 5

Database

 The example of Book Database

Bird of Paradise 2011